Steam installs a number of libaries from ubuntu. Sometimes the libary versions are incompatible with the OS' libary versions.

When Steam fails to locate installed libaries it will look for them in the OS, This means you can simply delete any steam libary with a verion that is incompatible with any OS libary version.

Script to get Steam working in Debian

#!/bin/bash

find ~/.steam/root/ -name "libgpg-error.so*" -print -delete
rm -rvf "/home/mike/.local/share/Steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6"
rm -rvf "/home/mike/.local/share/Steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/amd64/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6"
LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose steam

Starting steam with LIBGL_DEBUG should clearly identify any further libary that could need deleting.

i386-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6

STEAM_RUNTIME is enabled automatically
Installing breakpad exception handler for appid(steam)/version(0)
libGL: OpenDriver: trying /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/tls/radeonsi_dri.so
libGL: OpenDriver: trying /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/radeonsi_dri.so
libGL: dlopen /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/radeonsi_dri.so failed (/home/mike/.local/share/Steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version `CXXABI_1.3.8' not found (required by /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/radeonsi_dri.so))

after removing this file, Steam will download and install an update. Post update, you'll need to delete the same file again.

i386-linux-gnu/libgcrypt.so.20

Installing breakpad exception handler for appid(steam)/version(1476379980)
libGL: OpenDriver: trying /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/tls/radeonsi_dri.so
libGL: OpenDriver: trying /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/radeonsi_dri.so
libGL: dlopen /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/dri/radeonsi_dri.so failed (/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcrypt.so.20: symbol gpgrt_lock_lock, version GPG_ERROR_1.0 not defined in file libgpg-error.so.0 with link time reference)

after removing the libgpg-error.so steam will verify an update package and will run.